This lesson explores how to distinguish between old and modern iron using XRF spectroscopy. Focusing on iron used as a primary metal, the lesson examines changes in production methods that introduced manganese to improve iron strength. Through the analysis of two iron nails, we will learn how elemental composition can help date metal objects.
Objectives
- Recognize the historical transition in iron production around 1850.
- Understand the role of sulfur and manganese in iron metallurgy.
- Use XRF data to identify the presence of manganese as an indicator of post-1850 iron.
- Compare XRF spectra to differentiate old iron from modern treated iron.
- Two iron nails (pre- and post-1850)
- Introduction to the problem: how to distinguish old iron from new.
- Brief overview of changes in iron metallurgy around 1850.
- Discussion of sulfur in iron and the innovation of adding manganese to reduce brittleness.
- Explanation of the chemical reaction forming manganese sulfide.
- Demonstration: XRF analysis of two nails.
- Comparison of spectra with emphasis on manganese Kα peak presence.
To reinforce the concepts discussed here, we also provide a video lesson that visually walks through the key points of this topic. Watching the video alongside the text can help you better understand and apply these ideas in practice.
The course XRF Spectroscopy for Art Examination introduces conservators, art historians, and scientists with interest in Art to the principles and practical applications of X-ray fluorescence (XRF) spectroscopy in the examination of artworks. The course starts with basic principles of XRF and gradually explores its role in identifying materials and methods used in the creation and conservation of art.
Course Objectives
- Understand the fundamentals of XRF spectroscopy and how it applies to the analysis of art.
- Learn the key features and limitations of XRF for examining art and archaeology.
- Gain skills in interpreting XRF spectra to identify specific elements in paint layers, inks and metals.
