This lesson focuses on the copper–tin transitional alloy, a material that bridges the properties of pure copper and bronze. Using a historical coin from the Kingdom of Two Sicilies (1849), students will explore how small variations in alloy composition influence hardness, malleability, and suitability for coinage.
Objectives
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Identify the characteristics of copper–tin transitional alloys.
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Distinguish between pure copper, transitional alloys, and standard bronze.
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Interpret XRF spectra showing variations in tin concentration.
Materials
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Example coin: Dieci Tornesi, Kingdom of Two Sicilies (1849)
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Comparative coin: Polish 5 Groszy (1948)
Lesson Plan
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Introduce the concept of copper-based alloys and their historical applications.
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Examine the composition of the copper–tin transitional alloy (approximately 1% tin) and its advantages over pure copper.
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Compare the transitional alloy to standard bronze (around 4% tin) using XRF spectra.
To reinforce the concepts discussed here, we also provide a video lesson that visually walks through the key points of this topic. Watching the video alongside the text can help you better understand and apply these ideas in practice.
The course XRF Spectroscopy for Art Examination introduces conservators, art historians, and scientists with interest in Art to the principles and practical applications of X-ray fluorescence (XRF) spectroscopy in the examination of artworks. The course starts with basic principles of XRF and gradually explores its role in identifying materials and methods used in the creation and conservation of art.
Course Objectives
- Understand the fundamentals of XRF spectroscopy and how it applies to the analysis of art.
- Learn the key features and limitations of XRF for examining art and archaeology.
- Gain skills in interpreting XRF spectra to identify specific elements in paint layers, inks and metals.
