Output and filters

This lesson will explore the output of an X-ray tube in XRF spectroscopy. Understanding the tube’s output is crucial for adjusting and optimizing the spectroscopy process. One key aspect is the role of filters used in XRF systems to manage and refine the spectrum produced by the tube. Objectives:

• Understand the key components of an X-ray tube and their function.
• Learn the process of X-ray production, including Bremsstrahlung radiation and characteristic peaks.
• Identify different types of X-ray peaks (e.g., target peaks, Compton peaks).
• Explore the role of filters in controlling the X-ray output.
• Analyze the impact of different materials on the X-ray spectrum.

Materials:

• XRF spectroscopy system with a miniaturized X-ray tube.
• Various filters (aluminum, tungsten).
• HDPE material for X-ray reflection.
• Collimator and filter holder.

Lesson Plan: 1. Overview of X-ray Tube Functionality Begin by discussing the X-ray tube used in the XRF system, highlighting its key parts (cathode, anode, and target material). Explain how electrons are accelerated in the vacuum chamber and the interaction with the anode, generating X-rays through Bremsstrahlung radiation and characteristic peaks. 2. Key Concepts in X-ray Production

• Bremsstrahlung Radiation: The main source of X-rays from the tube due to the deceleration of electrons as they approach the target material.
• Target Peaks: Specific X-ray emissions from the anode’s material (rhodium in this case), which contribute to the spectrum.
• Tube Peaks: Secondary X-rays generated by interactions with the tube’s structure, including materials like copper and iron.
• Compton Peaks: X-rays that scatter with reduced energy due to interactions with loose electrons in the target.

3. The Role of Filters in XRF Discuss how filters such as aluminum and tungsten are used to refine the X-ray spectrum, eliminating unwanted peaks (e.g., target and Compton peaks) and producing a flat, usable spectrum for analysis. Explore the use of HDPE as a reflector for X-rays and its role in measuring tube output. 4. Practical Demonstration: Measuring the X-ray Tube Output Demonstration of acquiring the X-ray tube spectrum without any filters, followed by additional experiments using aluminum, tungsten, and combined filters. Compare the spectral results to show the effect of each filter on the output.